For centuries, scientists experimented with transferring blood between people - usually with fatal results. In their experiments, they noticed that sometimes during blood transfusions the red blood cells clumped together causing a toxic reaction.
In the early 20th century, Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered this was caused by a reaction to the donor's blood. He categorized people into four blood groups - A, B, AB and O - based on the proteins in their blood. Receiving blood from a donor whose blood type was not compatible would hurt or kill a patient.For this discovery, Landsteiner received the 1900 Nobel Price in Physiology of Medicine.
Many Asian people believe that one's blood type relates to one's personality. People with blood type A are seen as loyal and having high standards but as too anxious. Type B people are considered creative and optimistic but selfish. Those with type AB are considered rational, calm and controlled. Type O people tend to be friendly, passionate and ambitious but stubborn. Movies, comics and dramas draw on this idea. In Japan, some people even make dating and hiring decisions based on blood types!
One book proposed that blood types reveal people's ideal diets and lifestyles. However, little scientific evidence supports blood-type diets or personality tests. Maybe more study of this will lead to another Nobel Prize!
Info Cloud
the Nobel Prize 諾貝爾獎
Many people believe the Nobel Prize is the highest honor one can receive. Steve, what do you think of that?
Well, the Nobel Prize is certainly very prestigious. To receive one in any of its categories, whether it’d be Literature, Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Peace or Economics, is indeed a high honor.
Now the word we use for recipient of the Nobel Prize is laureate. Mother Teresa was a Nobel laureate, and so was President Barack Obama.
And as the name indicates, the Nobel Prize was created by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite in the late 19th century.
While he made a fortune from his invention, he didn't want to be remembered as the man who created something people used in war to kill and destroy.
So before he died, he wrote a will specifying that his fortune be used to create prizes for those who give the greatest benefit to mankind.
So what does a Nobel laureate receive? A gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money.
And the amount? About US$1.2 million.
諾貝爾獎的起源：諾貝爾獎是依黃色炸藥(dynamite) 發明人 Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833- 1896)的遺願，因為他感到自己發明的炸藥很痛心, 於1901年開始，按其遺產孳息所設立的獎，諾貝爾獎包括物理、化學、醫學、文學、和平及經濟等六種獎項；每年 12月10日，即諾貝爾先生逝世紀念日，在瑞典斯德哥爾摩頒發，其中和平獎在挪威奧斯陸頒發。 諾貝爾獎是頒發給各相關領域中，具有重大發現、重要發明或特殊貢獻者。
Grammar Gym
to draw on something: to get or take ideas from
Hello, friends. Welcome to the Grammar Gym. My name is Liz. So we’re talking about blood types in today’s article. And the writer mentions that many Asian people believe that one’s blood type relates to one’s personality. It’s such a popular idea that the writer mentions “Movies, comics and dramas draw on this idea.” That’s our Grammar Tip sentence.
Our focus is on the phrase: to draw on something. Normally we use “draw” to mean to make a picture.
But in today’s sentence, “to draw on something” means to get or take ideas from. In other words, this idea of how one’s blood type relates to one’s personality is used in Asian movies, comics and dramas.
Let’s look at some examples:
Jackie drew on her school counselor’s advice and decided to major in business.
Or: For our new writing assignment, the professor wants us to draw on the concept of time travel.
Now it’s your turn. What can you draw on? Think of ways where you get ideas, and practice making your own sentences. That’s it for today. This is Liz from the Grammar Gym. See you next time.
Language Lab
clump v.凝結、結成一團
/ˈklʌmp/
if separate objects clump together, or are clumped together, they form a group or solid mass
- Cement mixture clumps together too fast unless you keep stirring it.
除非你不斷的攪拌，要不然混凝土會非常快的結成塊
- The students clumped together in front of the bulletin board trying to find their ranks.
學生們聚集在公布欄前，試著找到自己的排名
compatible adj.可相容的、合得來的 [字首com-一起/ 字根pati-感受]
/kəmˈpætəbəl/
if two pieces of computer equipment are compatible, they can be used together, especially when they are made by different companies;
- The new software is not compatible with our system.
這個新軟體和我們的系統不相容
- Sam and his wife are very compatible. They both love music and computer games.
Sam和太太非常契合，他們都喜歡音樂和電腦遊戲。
rational adj.理性的、合理的
- You need to calm down in order to make a rational decision.
你需要冷靜下來，做理性的決定
- There seems to be no rational explanation for his odd behavior.
他奇怪的行為似乎沒有合理的解釋
rationality n.理性、合理 [noncount]
/ˌræʃəˈnæləti/ - You can't find any rationality in his words.
在他所說的話裡，沒有理性可言
draw on [phrasal verb] 憑藉、利用
to use (something) as a source or supply ;
to use (information, experience, knowledge, etc.) to make something
- Movies, comics and dramas draw on this idea
- The playwright drew on his friend's story to write this comedy.
這位劇作家憑藉他的朋友的故事，寫出這齣喜劇
fatal adj. 致命的, 生死攸關的
/ˈfeɪtl/
resulting in someone's death
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