Heat or Cold: Which Is Better? (1)

 How to treat pain  如何處理疼痛

While jogging today, you twisted your ankle. It really hurts and could be a sprain. You've heard that both heat and cold can help with pain. But which one should you use? The right form of treatment differs depending on your type of injury and when it occurred.

When you're trying to decided, ask yourself the following questions?

• When did the injury happen?
• Is your pain new or have you had it for a while?

If the pain began within the past 48 hours, it could be from sudden trauma. For example, if you fell or pulled a muscle, that is a form of trauma. With this type of injury, the area might swell and be painful. You skin could also be red and warm. 

In the case of a new injury, ice is the best form of treatment. Cold slows the blood flow to an injury, numbs the pain and reduces swelling.

Info Cloud

overthink 

jump to conclusions

Don't jump to conclusion.

Language Lab

sprain n.

/ˈspreɪn/

to injure (a joint) by twisting it in a sudden and painful way

- Nathan got a bad ankle sprain while playing basketball.

- It's only a minor sprain. Rest a few days and you'll be fine.

- Alex sprained his back when he picked up a heavy box.

injury n.
- The patient suffers from a serious neck injury.
- This football player had to quit the game because of his knee injury.
injure v.
- The little girl's leg got injured when she fell from a tree.

trauma n.
/ˈtrɑːmə/
medical : a serious injury to a person's body
- The X-ray shows the patient is suffering from an abdominal trauma.
- The victim of the car accident suffered multiple head traumas.
a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes someone to have mental or emotional problems usually for a long time
- Victor's emotional problems are caused by childhood trauma.

numb adj.
unable to feel anything in a particular part of your body because of cold, injury, etc.
- After getting stung by a jellyfish, the boy's arm became totally numb.
numb v.
to cause (a part of the body) to be unable to feel anything
- Alcohol can numb one's senses easily.
- The cold wind numbed my face.

Twin Tim
1. pulled a muscle
2. numb your mouth
3. escaped injury

Wash Your Hands

• Why wash your hands?
• When should you wash your hands?

Where have those hands been?

Do you ever watch hands? Get on a subway train, and be an observer. Hands dip into purses and pockets. Watch them touch cellphones, the train's bars, straps and seats and even other people. You can see the things they touch on the subway but not what they touched before they got on. See that mother over there? She may have changed her baby's diaper and not washed her hands. See that grandma in the seat across the way? She may have just chopped up a raw chicken and not washed her hands well.

She could be leaving bacteria wherever she puts her hands. And see that guy over there? He is picking his nose! Gross!

If you're healthy, your skin is crawling with hundreds of kinds of bacteria. If you're sick, there are even more lethal germs on your hands. They can make your and others sick! OK, here's your stop. Now go directly to the first restroom you see and wash your hands -- with soap. You'll be glad you did -- and so will everyone else!

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Washing One’s Hands Figuratively 洗手的比喻用法

We know how important it is to wash our hands and we should do it often to maintain good personal hygiene.

Now we might also wash our hands figuratively and that has a completely different meaning.

Right, if we wash our hands of someone or something, we stop being responsible for that person or thing. For example, I don’t know how I can for Jennifer, and now I’m washing my hands of her.

Or that car was a real headache; I wash my hands of it a longtime ago.

So that car was causing too many headaches for you.

That’s right. Now this figurative usage of washing one’s hands is from the bible’s account of the trial of Jesus. When the Roman governor punches, Pilate didn’t know what to do with Jesus, he took some water and washed his hands. For claiming that, he’s not responsible for sending Jesus to his death on the cross.

To this day, the phrase “washing one’s hands of something” is used by people to excuse themselves of any responsibility should a situation turn problematic.


Language Lab
observer n.
a person who sees and notices someone or something
- A team of professional observers will be assigned to monitor the R&D department.
- Observers said the robbers took the old lady's purse and got into a van.

cell=cellular n.
a small telephone that people can take with them and use outside their homes
- Mike is talking on his cellphone.
mobile = mobile phone

lethal adj.
/ˈliːθəl/
causing or able to cause death
- The police found lethal weapons in the suspect's garage.
- The spread of the lethal disease was finally curbed because of the invention of the vaccine.

germ n.
a very small living thing that causes disease
- This tiny germ is the cause of this dangerous disease.
- This germ is found in all the patients who were sharing the same room.
virus n.
an extremely small living thing that causes a disease and that spreads from one person or animal to another
- The flu virus can be spread through the air.

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Laughter is the Best 'Cold' Medicine (3)

• Do people laugh more alone or in a group?
• What are the physical effects of laughter?

Studies in laughter
A study Robert Provine published in American Scientist journal in 1996 showed that people are 30 times less likely to laugh alone than in a group. Provine’s group of 128 undergraduate psychology students listened to a laugh box that played the sound of laughter 10 times, and then students reported how they felt to the laughter. The first time half the students laughed, and 90 percent of them smiled at the least. By the 10th trial, only 3 of the 128 students laughed. According to Provine, hearing and seeing the other students laugh made the laugh box seem funny. It was the combined stimulus of the laugh box and the laughter of other students that evoked continued laughter among the group.

Physical effects of laughter
Wilson, founder and president of the World Laughter Tour, Inc., adds that coughing and sneezing puts strains on all types of muscles, but laughing at something funny can get the fluids flowing.

“If you laugh so hard, tears start flowing and your nose starts running, your airways become clear and it puts your body more at ease to sleep better,” he says. “Everything operates in a healthy way more efficiently when you laugh.”

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Magazines, Journals and Periodicals 不同類型的期刊
periodical n. 期刊 (連續性出版刊物的總稱)
/ˌpiriˈɑdɪkəl/
a magazine that is published every week, month, etc.

Language Lab
undergraduate n.
a student at a college or university who has not yet earned a degree
- Oscar is a Harvard undergraduate who is majoring in economics.
undergraduate adj. 大學生的
- Ellen will get her undergraduate degree next year.

evoke v.
to bring (a memory, feeling, image, etc.) into the mind
- The smell of freshly baked cookies evoked many childhood memories.
- The vintage furniture evoked a sense of the golden era of the 50s.

fluid n.
a substance that is able to flow freely : a liquid substance
- The doctor suggested that the patient drink plenty of fluids.
- The fluid in our body is mainly composed of water.
fluid adj.
having or showing a smooth and easy style : graceful
- The tennis player is famous for his fluid strokes.

airway n.
the area in the throat through which air passes to and from the lungs
- The patient's airway was blocked.
- The baby is suffering from a serious inflammation of his airway.
a route along which airplanes regularly fly
- The airways are only for commercial aircraft.

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Laughter is the Best 'Cold' Medicine (1) (2) (3)

Laugh your way to better health

Good-natured fun will make the waning winter colds and flus lose their sting. Here's how to add some lightness until summer and wellness set in By Darcel Rockett

With the weather still on this side of chilly, it might be better to stay in and nest – especially when nursing a cold. Once you’ve got your medicine, pajamas and hot cocoa at the ready, grab something that will tickle your funny bone, because laughing can help speed up the healing process, according to Steve Wilson, a Columbus, Ohio-based psychologist and aptly titled “joyologist.”

“Laughter has its own biology,” says the member of the American Association for Therapeutic Humor. “Laughter increases relaxation, reduces stress and pain. Laughter also reduces adrenaline in the bloodstream, which can interfere with healing.”

That said, here is a recipe that will starve your cold and feed your funny bone:

• Go to the humor section of the library and grab some of your favorite funny authors and pore over it when you’re in your comfy reading chair. If you are too tired to read yourself, have someone read to, Wilson says. “The stimulation will change your brain chemistry, which will pull you along to health.”

• Go to the video store and rent films with your favorite comedian. Once the laughter ensues, remember those who laugh live longer. “Combine laughter with humor and you have a respite from stresses and strains of a cold,” Wilson adds. “When you find humor in something, you can cope with it better.” Having a laughter list of movies and books at the ready will make the cold fighting quicker.

• Start a laughter jar – a jar with numerous funny memories and occurrences from your life that you can access in case of emergency. Pull one out when you need to get a dose of laughter. Even better, call the friend or family member you experienced it with and share the joy. Two laughs are always better than one.

• When in doubt, laugh it out through a CD. Recordings of people laughing can get you smiling and laughing on your own. Laughter in this regard may be more contagious than a cold, which is one of the reasons why TV shows use a laugh track. A study Robert Provine published in American Scientist journal in 1996 showed that people are 30 times less likely to laugh alone than in a group. Provine’s group of 128 undergraduate psychology students listened to a laugh box that played the sound of laughter 10 times, and then students reported how they felt to the laughter. The first time half the students laughed, and 90 percent of them smiled at the least. By the 10th trial, only 3 of the 128 students laughed. According to Provine, hearing and seeing the other students laugh made the laugh box seem funny. It was the combined stimulus of the laugh box and the laughter of other students that evoked continued laughter among the group.

Wilson, founder and president of the World Laughter Tour, Inc., adds that coughing and sneezing puts strains on all types of muscles, but laughing at something funny can get the fluids flowing.

“If you laugh so hard, tears start flowing and your nose starts running, your airways become clear and it puts your body more at ease to sleep better,” he says. “Everything operates in a healthy way more efficiently when you laugh.”


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Health Watch: Take Care of Your Spine (1)

These tips can help you avoid back problems

Tip of the Week
The most common mistakes leading to a bad back are poor body mechanics and unhealthy habits. How you move objects, your posture, not stretching before exercising and the wrong kind of shoes all contribute to one of the most common medical problems today. Back pain affects eight out of 10 people in their lifetime, according to the National Institutes of Health.

Dr. Douglas Won, founder and director of Minimally Invasive SpineCARE and Star Medical Center in Plano, Texas, offers some tips to improve overall back health:

First, maintain proper body mechanics:

• Stretch before exercising or doing any strenuous activity.
• Push heavy objects across the floor instead of pulling or lifting them.
• When lifting is necessary, lift with your knees, not your back.
• Avoid sudden movements and “twisting” motions when carrying objects – even a bag of groceries can do serious harm when handled improperly.
• If you work in an office, check your chair and desk to make sure they are the right height for you.

Info Cloud
Well, know that English has 21 consonants, its five main vowels are, a, e, i, o and u. Now the difference between vowels and consonants is where and how the sounds are produced in the mouth.

Right, vowels are produced with an open mouth or throat,whereas consonants are restricted by vocal chords, teeth, tongue or lips.

Right, another way to distinguish between vowels and consonants is, vowels are the pleasing sounds of words. The parts that can be sung. For example, a, e, i, o, u…

Nice, consonants, on the other hand, are the short non-singable sounds. I mean, there’s no way to make the cuff sound melodious. So are there any English words that don’t have any vowels?

Not, really, besides interjections and onomatopoeia like grr, and bzz. There is the mathematical expression,“nth”, n, t, h, as in I’ve told you for the for the nth time, now other any words with no  consonants.

Well, besides the single letter words, i and a, there’s a kind of lava called “a a” spelled aa.

Interesting, okay. And now just for fun, here’s a word that contains all five vowels in alphabetical order, facetious, f, a, c,e, t, i, o, u, s.

The useful word that describes someone who tries to be funny but is instead annoying.

Language Lab
mechanics n. [mechan字根:機械]
the way in which something works or is done:
- The mechanics of writing a thesis are different from those of writing an essay.
the study of machines:
- Raymond is majoring in mechanics at school.
mechanic n.
someone who is skilled at repairing motor vehicles and machinery:
- a car mechanic

minimally adv. [min: 小]
very small or slight in size or amount
- Patrick claims he's only minimally successful, but actually he's one of the richest men in the country.
minimally invasive
- a minimally invasive surgery

strenuous adj.
/ˈstrɛnjəwəs/
requiring or showing great energy and effort
- The patient should avoid any strenuous activities after the operation.
- James does strenuous exercise to keep himself fit and healthy.
- Strenuous efforts have been made by the government to improve the condition in public schools.

improperly adv.
not proper, right, or suitable: such as not correct, not following rules of acceptable behavior : legally or morally wrong
- Many teachers in the country were improperly trained back in the old days.
- The mayor was accused of using the taxpayers' money improperly.

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2015-08-14 Heat Exhaustion or Heat Stroke? (1)

• Too much sun
• What is heat exhaustion?

Be cautious when spending time in the sun

"She has heat stroke. We need to get her to the hospital."

I was on the ground, unaware of what was happening around me. My body was hot. My head pounded. Within a few minutes, I was on my way to the hospital.

My collapse happened last year in the heat of the summer. I, along with thousands of other athletes, had gathered in Taipei for a running competition. Halfway through the race, I started to feel dizzy.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: A Particular Hospital?
Hospital前要加冠詞嗎？
這就要看你是用美式還是英式英文,
美式英文: the hospital
- We need to get him to the hospital.
- He is in the hospital.
英式英文:
- We need to get him to hospital.
- He's in hospital. 他住院
但英式英文要注意,
如果是在醫院工作或是去探病,
就要加上定冠詞,
- I was in the hospital.

Language Lab
pound v.
to hit (something or someone) with force again and again
- Someone was pounding at our door last last night.
- The man suddenly pounded the table with his fist.
to beat loudly and quickly
- My heart was pounding when the earthquake happened.

brutal adj.
/ˈbruːtl̟/
extremely cruel or harsh
- The fugitive is a brutal and reckless criminal.
fugitive n.
/ˈfjuːʤətɪv/
a person who is running away to avoid being captured
- The brutal murder disturbed the whole nation.
brutality n.
/bruˈtæləti/
cruel, harsh, and usually violent treatment of another person
- The novel depicts the brutality of the war.





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2015-08-15 Heat Exhaustion or Heat Stroke? (2)

• What is heat stroke?
• Symptoms of heat stroke
• The dangers of heat stroke

If you experience any of these symptoms, find a cool place right away. Drink plenty of water and rest. You could be experiencing heat exhaustion. If not treated, heat exhaustion could turn into heat stroke.

What is heat stroke?
Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke, is the most dangerous heat-related condition. Heat stroke happens when one's body overheats from exposure to hot temperatures for too long.

When someone suffers from heat stroke, their body temperature rises to 40 degrees Celsius or higher. And it won't cool down without medical attention.


Language Lab
symptom n.
a change in the body or mind which indicates that a disease is present
- The symptoms of the disease include weight loss and uncontrollable trembling.
- The medicine can suppress the symptoms but can't cure the condition.

exposure n.
/ɪkˈspoʊʒɚ/
the fact or condition of being affected by something or experiencing something : the condition of being exposed to something
- Exposure to toxic wastes can cause serious diseases.
public attention and notice
- The movie needs more media exposure to be successful at the box office.
expose v.
to reveal (something hidden, dishonest, etc.)
- The political scandal was exposed by a rookie reporter.















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5 Foods That Fight Sunburn (1)

• The danger of sunburn
• Fighting sunburn with oatmeal
• Fighting sunburn with fat-free milk

Find help for your skin in your kitchen

No one sets out to get sunburned, but the pleasant distractions of summer – the long, sunny days or the beckoning beach – all make it easy to forget that extra coat of sunscreen. Of course, it’s best to practice sunburn prevention and stop a burn before it starts, given its ability to cause skin cancer and premature aging. Luckily, common foods in your kitchen possess sun-protection compounds to aid your current sun-protection routine. Others offer surprising relief if you do accidentally catch too many rays.

Check out these natural food remedies to deal with – or prevent – summer sunburns.

1. Oatmeal
Burn-fighting effect: When your whole body is sunburned,oatmeal provides the best type of relief.
Sunburn treatment: Grind up a cup of oatmeal in a food processor, add it to cool bath water, and soak.

2. Fat-free milk
Burn-fighting effect: The milk creates a protein film on your skin that will help ease the discomfort of fresh sunburn.
Sunburn treatment: Apply cool, not cold, milk to your skin using a clean cloth or gauze. Apply compresses for 15 to 20 minutes, and repeat every 2 to 4 hours

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Listicles 教學主題: 目錄式文章

listicle (list+article)

Most often found in magazines and on blogs, listicles are articles made up of list facts, tips, examples or quotations based around a common theme.

Listicles had been around for the decades but the word itself, a blend of the word’s list and article is much younger.

Sometimes listicles are written in a round countdown format, meaning, the author is making a judgment about what he or she is writing about.

That’s right. For example, in the listicle, top ten beaches in Mexico, the last beach mentioned at the number one position would be in the author’s opinion the best beach.

And people just love listicles because they are easy to read and digest.

So they’re great for people who are too busy to read lengthy articles and for people who have short attention spans.

Well, if readers love listicles, publishers love them even more, because they know if they include a listicle title on a magazine cover sales will go up.

Right. I’m sure you’ve seen examples of listicles buying for your attention from a magazine rack at local convenience store, “five worse foods to eat before bedtime”. Or “ten ways to lose five pounds in two days”.

Closer Look
No one sets out to get sunburned, but the pleasant distractions of summer – the long, sunny days or the beckoning beach – all make it easy to forget that extra coat of sunscreen.
No one…, but the …–[ list of examples ] – all make/made it easy to…
- No one wanted to be a bad worker, but the uncomfortable working conditions -- long hours in a hot dark factory building -- all made it easy to do everything carelessly.
- No one wanted to give up on their weight loss plans, but the delightful treats -- the cakes and cookies -- all made it easy to forget there was even a plan in the first place.

Language Lab
beckon v. 招喚, 吸引
if something such as a place or opportunity beckons, it appears so attractive that you want to have it:
- The glamour of Hollywood beckons many young actors to seek their dreams.
glamour
- Max is both talented and diligent, so a bright future is beckoning him.
- The dress in the window is beckoning me.

premature adj.
happening before the natural or proper time:
- The newly developed treatment for premature baldness is quite effective.
- The country's premature death rate has dropped drastically since prenatal care became mandatory.

gauze  n. [uncountable]
thin cotton with very small holes in it that is used for tying around a wound:
- The nurse taped a piece of gauze on the patient's wound.
sterile gauze n. 消毒的紗布
- The OR needs to prepare a sufficient amount of sterile gauze for each operation.

compress n.
a small thick piece of material that you put on part of someone's body to stop blood flowing out or to make it less painful
compress v.
to press something or make it smaller so that it takes up less space, or to become smaller:
- Firmly compress the dough to make sure there's no air in it.

THE POWER OF HOUSE PLANTS (2) 4/25

Reduce stress and fatigue

House plants also create a more relaxing and peaceful atmosphere in your home. As a result, they help you feel calmer and more optimistic about life. How do they do this?

Plants have been shown to lower blood pressure due to their stress-relieving nature. They can also help block outdoor noise from traffic or construction, which also reduces stress. One organization says that plants not only increase your self-esteem, but they can also make you feel happier. For best results, place one large plant every 10 square meters around your home.

Promote restful sleep
For a good night’s sleep, try adding a snake plant to the corner of your room. Unlike most plants, snake plants release oxygen during the night. This helps to keep the air flow fresh, which contributes to sound sleep. You could even try the gerbera daisy.

House plants can beautify your home as well as provide many health benefits, so go out and get some today. They will not make you feel better, but also make your home more elegant.

Language Lab
construction n.
the business of building things (such as houses or roads)
- You need to wear helmets to enter the construction site.
- The museum is a modern construction which is the city's landmark.

self-esteem n.
a feeling of having respect for yourself and your abilities
- A loving and nourishing learning environment can build a child's self-esteem.
- Even though Robin is pretty and talented, she still suffers from low self-esteem.

beautify v.
to make (something) beautiful or more beautiful
- The government is determined to beautify the city with a large city park.
beauty n.
- The beauty of the sunset was captured by this photo.

elegant adj.
showing good taste : graceful and attractive
- The bride looks elegant and beautiful in her wedding gown.
- The elegant manners of the old lady attracted my attention.
elegance n.
- There's an atmosphere of elegance in this restaurant.

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Natural Mosquito Repellents

Keep annoying insects away - naturally

Warm weather is around the corner, so it's time to begin protecting yourself from disease-carrying mosquitoes. With so many products out there, though, how do you choose a safe and effective repellent?

Make your own
Natural repellents are easy to make; plus you can choose chemical-free ingredients and control the amount of ingredients you use.

Start with one of the following essential plant oils such as lemon eucalyptus, citronella, cinnamon, etc. In nature, these oils inherently repel mosquitoes, with lemon eucalyptus considered by many researchers the most effective.

Mix 10 to 25 drops of your essential oil with approximately two soup spoons of alcohol or a cooking oil such as sunflower or vegetable oil. Then before going outside, rub the mixture into skin.

Things to remember
Just because something is natural doesn't mean it is safe for your skin. Before rubbing large amounts of any plant oil into your skin, try a small drop to be sure you aren't allergic to it.

Also with natural repellents, you will need to reapply more frequently than those with chemicals. Don't let your fear of mosquitoes or chemicals keep you indoors this year.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Et cetera 等等
etc.=Et cetera
Et cetera 是拉丁文, 指的是其他的事物, 也就是等等
不能指人
需要用同類的事物

Closer Look
disease-carrying mosquitoes.
[noun]-[verb-ing] [subject]
[noun]-[verb-ing]=> adj.
- Beware of the purse-snatching thief.
- the farmer has a coconut-picking monkey.
- They are drug-sniffing dogs.

Language Lab
repellent n.
a substance that keeps insects away
- The insect repellent can only be sprayed on clothing.
這驅蟲劑只能喷在衣服上
repel v.
past tense and past participle repelled, present participle repelling
to keep something or someone away from you:
- His arrogance repelled most females.
他的高傲讓許多女性都很反感

inherently adv. 故有的, 本質上的
a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it
- All investments are inherently risky.
所有的投資本質上都有風險
- This article's perspective is inherently subjective.
這篇文章的論點本身是客觀的
inherent adj. 故有的
- The desire to pursue happiness in inherent in human nature.
追求快樂可望是人們與生具來的

approximately adv. [approximate adj.]
an approximate number, amount, or time is close to the exact number, amount etc, but could be a little bit more or less than it [= rough; ≠ exact]
- The cost of the treatment is approximately $3,000.
這項治療大約花了3000
- The meeting room measures approximately 50 meters by a 100 meters.
這個會議室的大小大約是50公尺x100公尺
- The approximate cost of remodeling the kitchen is $5,000.
這個廚房裝潢花了大約5000

allergic adj.
having an allergy
allergic to
- Dylan is allergic to berries.
allergy n.
- Joseph suffers from the allergy to pollen. He can't stop sneezing and coughing in the spring.

phobia / fear

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Five Foods for Healthy Hair (1) 2/2

These foods do more than taste good

Healthy hair doesn't stop with the kind of shampoo you use or how often you wash your hair. It also includes your diet. Here are five foods that will help keep your hair healthy:

1.Blueberries: Blueberries are one of nature's healthiest fruits. Dark berries in general (such as blackberries, raspberries and strawberries) are known to have lots of antioxidants, which are important for combating the free radicals in our body. In addition, blueberries have a lower glycemic index than a lot of other fruit, making them an ideal choice for people with diabetes or for those focusing on weight loss. Blueberries also have a ton of vitamin C. Without adequate vitamin C, your hair can break more easily. So eat your blueberries!

2.Salmon: Wild-caught salmon is full of omega-3 fatty acids, oils that our body doesn't create on its own and are essential to healthy hair and a healthy body. Salmon is also an excellent source of protein, another essential nutrient for healthy hair. If you don't like salmon, try eating walnuts or flaxseed, which are also rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Counting Hair 教學主題: 頭髮如何數?
Is hair countable or uncountable?
- Steve has blond hair. 頭髮, 不可數
- She found two hairs on his collar.一根根頭髮, 毛髮, 可數

a strand of hair 一根頭髮
splitting hairs 鑽牛角尖, 在小事情上吹毛求疵
split ends 頭髮分叉

Closer Look
Healthy hair doesn't stop with the kind of shampoo you use or how often you wash your hair.
[Subject] doesn't stop with [something]. 
- Learning English doesn't stop with just getting the right books and attending the right classes.
- Helping the homeless doesn't stop with handing out supplies and cooking meals for them.

Language Lab
antioxidant n. 抗氧化物
a substance that is added to food and other products to prevent harmful chemical reactions in which oxygen is combined with other substances
- Grape seeds are rich in antioxidants.
- The doctor suggested the patient increase her intake of antioxidant foods.

combat v. 鬥爭, 戰鬥
- The government tried to create more working opportunities to combat unemployment.
 n. 戰鬥
- Combat suits and weapons are basic equipment for this squad.

diabetes n. 糖尿病
- Stuart is suffering from diabetes and high blood pressure.
diabetic adj. 糖尿病的
- Diana is diabetic, so she can't eat too much sweets.

nutrient n. 養分, 營養素
- The fertilizer contains many nutrients for plants to grow well.
- Athletes need to eat diets full of essential nutrients for them to be strong and fit.

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Five Foods for Healthy Hair (2)

3. Oysters: Another from the sea, oysters are rich in zinc, an essential nutrient to your hair's health. Too little zinc can lead to hair breakage or a flaky scalp. If you're not a fan of oysters, you can boost your zinc intake with beef and eggs.

4. Leafy greens: Like you need another reason to eat your spinach! You know that leafy greens are important for a whole host of reasons, but now you can add a few more. They have iron, beta carotene, folate and vitamin C - all nutrients that help keep your hair full of shine.

5. Avocado: Many shampoos and hair treatments contain avocado as one of their main ingredients. That's because using avocado can repair damaged hair, prevent hair loss and even promote hair growth! But eating this fruit (yes, avocado is a fruit!) can be good for your hair, too. Avocados are rich in numerous nutrients, particularly vitamins B and E, which are important for keeping hair strong and preventing hair loss. Known as a superfood, avocados are also rich in omega-3s, antioxidants, vitamin C, K and folate.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Nutrition vs. Nutrient 教學主題: Nutrition 與 Nutrient的差別
nutrition n.
/nʊˈtrɪʃən/
the process of eating the right kind of food so you can grow properly and be healthy

nutrient n.
/ˈnuːtrijənt/
a substance that plants, animals, and people need to live and grow

Closer Look
Like you need another reason to eat your spinach!
Like [subject] need(s) another [something].
- Like she needs another pair of shoes!
- Like you need another toy!

Language Lab
boost v.
to increase or improve something and make it more successful:
- The new marketing strategy boosted the company's sales by 10 percent.
- The coach's pep talk really boosted the team's morale, and they won the game.

host n.
a great amount or number
- The previous CEO left a host of problems for the present one to solve.
- There are a whole host of leisure activities to choose from at this resort.

avocado n.
- The avocado sushi is so tasty.
- Japanese eat avocados with soy sauce.
- The chef put some avocado slices on top of the prawns.
avocado adj.
light green
- These avocado placemats really go well with your dishes.

prevent v.
to stop something from happening, or stop someone from doing something:
- A healthy diet and regular exercise can help prevent heart disease.
prevent somebody/something (from) doing something
- The treatment can prevent the cancer from spreading.

2/2
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2/3
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Study Finds Sleep Drunkenness May Affect More Than 1 in 7 People (2)

The majority of those who'd experienced confusional arousal were experiencing it regularly. 53.8 percent reported having at least one episode per week, and 24.7 percent reported two to five episodes per month.

For 37.6 percent of sufferers, the episodes were brief - less than 5 minutes. But 30.1 percent of them said the episodes could last 15 minutes or more after waking up.

Many shared similar symptoms. 57 percent reported being disoriented as they woke up, and 34.4 percent said they had difficulty talking or thinking clearly. In addition, 19.9 percent said they experienced "inappropriate behaviors" such as grabbing the phone instead of flailing for the alarm clock.

Confusional arousal isn't officially classified as a disorder, the researchers pointed out, "probably because it has received little attention from the scientific community." But if it was, they said, it could raise awareness. And that could lead to a better understanding of the condition and better treatment options.

"Our study shows that underestimating the importance of CA leads to misunderstanding of the disorder and its effects," the study authors wrote.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Rule of Thumb 經驗法則
在美國的小朋友都知道的拼字規則,
當i 跟 e放在一起時, i要放在e前面,
除非ie是出現在c的前面, 發a的音,
像receive
neighbor因為發a的音, 也要把e放在前面,
但也有例外, 像是science (ie出現在c後面)
rule of thumb 實際經驗套用在大部份的列子裡可用的方法,
但也是會有例外

Closer Look
The majority of those who'd experienced confusional arousal were experiencing it regularly.
The majority of those who... were....
- The majority of those who bought things on the first day were women over 30.
- The majority of those who attended the neighborhood meeting were residents who wanted to discuss the local election.

Language Lab
inappropriate adj.
not suitable or right for a particular purpose or in a particular situation [≠ appropriate]
- It's quite inappropriate to interrupt when the host is making a toast.
- The movie star's inappropriate comment about females was criticized by the press.

flail v.
to wave your arms or legs in an uncontrolled way:
- The baby suddenly started flailing after he was awakened by a loud noise.
- The boy flailed his arms trying to hold on to a branch when he fell from the tree.

classify v.
to decide what group something belongs to
- The books in the library are classified alphabetically according to the authors' last names.
classified adj.
classified information, documents etc are ones which the government has ordered to be kept secret
- These classified files can only be accessed by your superiors.

underestimated v.
to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is [≠ overestimate]
- Don't underestimate how much a child can understand.
- Josh never underestimates his competitors, and that's why his business is doing well.


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Study Finds Sleep Drunkenness May Affect More Than 1 in 7 People (1)

Do you get enough sleep?

Ever heard of "sleep drunkenness"? Have you ever tried to reach for your phone when your alarm clock rings? Or when you wake up you don't know where you are? Then you may have experienced what's known formally as "confusional arousal." More than 1 in 7 people in the U.S. may suffer from the condition, according to a study in the journal Neurology. In confusional arousal, sleepers wake up in a disoriented state and perhaps behave strangely in the process.

The condition often occurs when someone wakes up during non-REM sleep and can be caused by a "forced awakening" the study authors wrote. It can potentially cause violent behavior during sleep or right as the person wakes up.

To find out how prevalent sleep drunkenness is, the researchers surveyed 19,136 people age 18 or older in 15 states. They found that 15.2 percent of respondents said they had experienced a confusional arousal in the previous year. The episodes were overwhelmingly linked to sleep disorders, which were present 70.8 percent of the time.


Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Qualifiers 修飾詞
如果你想要主張你的信念或看法,
但又要必免你的主張聽起來太五段,
二全其美的方法就是採用修飾詞,
像may, often, perhaps, potentially這些都是修飾詞,
但一篇文章如果加太多修飾詞會讓人覺得
你對你自己的主張沒有自信

Closer Look
The condition often occurs when someone wakes up during non-REM sleep and can be caused by a "forced awakening" the study authors wrote.
the study authors wrote
subject: the study authors
verb: wrote
- Most of the students appreciate the new rules for the student center the school paper reports.
- The witness' statement did not match the evidence the professor commented.

Language Lab
formally adv.
officially [≠ informally]:
- The celebrity couple formally announced their engagement at a press conference.
formal adj.
formal dress is clothing such as a tuxedo for men or a long dress for women, that is worn to formal events
- The dress code for tonight's banquet is formal.

disoriented adj.
confused and not understanding what is happening around you
- The patient felt disoriented after waking up from surgery.
- The loss of a loved one can make a person feel completely disoriented.

prevalent adj.
common at a particular time, in a particular place, or among a particular group of people
- Depression is more prevalent among females than males.
- Alcoholism is becoming more and more prevalent among teenagers.
prevalence n.
- The prevalence of the disease was reduced after the vaccine was invented.

disorder n.
a mental or physical illness which prevents part of your body from working properly
- Janet suffers from a serious eating disorder.
a situation in which things or people are very untidy or disorganized
- The company was in disorder when the boss was gone.

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A Good Night's Sleep (2)

Your body produces a chemical called melatonin that helps you sleep. Light affects the amount of melatonin your body makes. It produces more in the evening and less in the daytime. So at night turn off your TV and computer. Also, don't read from a backlit device like an iPad. Some scientists think that the light from those devices stops your body from making melatonin. So turn those screens off at least an hour before bedtime.

Maybe you can't sleep or you wake up in the middle of the night. Don't just lie in bed. Get up and do something relaxing elsewhere. Then go back to bed when you feel drowsy. If you worry a lot, make a list of things you need to do the next day. Do that an hour before ed. That way you get your worrying out of the way before you go to bed.

After a good night's sleep, you'll be able to face a new day.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Circadian Rhythm (生理時鐘)
不管是動物或植物, 都有生理時鐘,
人類是日行性動物,
幫助調整生理時鐘可以靠日照陽光和飲食!


Grammar Gym
That way you get your worrying out of the way before you go to bed.
get your worrying out of the way
To get [something] out of the way
- Somebody should get that tree branch out of the way so traffic is not blocked.
- Get your homework out of the way before your favorite TV show starts.

Language Lab
affect v.
to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone's situation:
- The change in the personnel policy will only affect a limited number of people.
- His bad temper greatly affects his relationships.
to make someone feel strong emotions: 打擊
- Breaking up with her boyfriend affected Joyce deeply.

backlit adj.
illuminated from behind:
- The backlit window display makes the merchandise more appealing.
- The computer tablet's backlit screen was made in Japan.

elsewhere adv.
in, at, or to another place:
- The couple couldn't find an affordable place in this area to rent, so they have decided to look elsewhere.
- Living expenses in New York City are higher than elsewhere in the country.

drowsy adj.
tired and almost asleep [= sleepy]:
- The cough syrup make me feel really drowsy.
- I felt drowsy after lunch, so I took a short nap.
drowsiness n. [uncountable]
- Cold medicine sometimes causes drowsiness.

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A Good Night's Sleep (1)

Get the sleep you need

When the morning sun looks in through your bedroom window, do you jump out of bed? Or do you roll over and groan? An adequate amount of sleep can make the difference between a great day and a terrible one!

A good night's sleep doesn't just happen. You need to prepare for it. Various experts have given tips to help. First, go to bed at the same time very day, and get up at the same time. If you haven't gotten a good night's sleep, don't oversleep the next morning. Get up at your regular time. Sleeping late for just a couple of days can change your body clock to a different cycle. You don't want that if you have a set daily schedule!

Also, avoid big meals at night. Eating heavy, rich food within two hours of bedtime can keep you awake. Your stomach works hard to digest those fatty foods, and that may keep you up.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Various Functions of the A- Prefix 字首A的功能
sleep/ asleep
asleep 加了字首a 變成副詞, 表示正在睡覺
字首a有不同的意思: 正在, 屬於, 沒有, 加強功能

Language Lab
groan v.
to make a long deep sound because you are in pain, upset, or disappointed, or because something is very enjoyable
[intransitive and transitive] to complain about something [= moan]:
- I'm tired of him moaning and groaning all the time.

various adj.
if there are various things, there are several different types of that thing:
variety n.
a variety of something a lot of things of the same type that are different from each other in some way

awake adj.
not sleeping
wake v.
to stop sleeping, or to make someone stop sleeping

digest v.
to change food that you have just eaten into substances that your body can use;
to understand new information, especially when there is a lot of it or it is difficult to understand
digestion n.
the process of digesting food

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I Need a Hug

The power of a hug

Tina couldn't stop crying. She felt sad, lonely and confused. Then her grandpa gave her a hug, and she stopped crying.

"I really needed that hug, Granddaddy," Tina said.

"Whenever you need a hug," he said, "I'll give you one."

When was the last time someone hugged you? How did you feel? Something very healing and powerful happens when someone hugs you. A hug can comfort your heart and dry your tears. A hug also means that you are protected.

Since hugs also relax your muscles, they can help relieve stress. A loving hug builds trust in a relationship, too.

Think you don't need any hugs? A hug can make you feel special. If you're having a bad day, a hug can often cheer you up. Hugging a sick person can even give them a desire to live again.

How many hugs do you need a day? Some people say that everybody needs eight hugs a day. If that seems like a lot, remember that all those hugs make you feel loved. Everyone needs that!


Editor's Summary
..22:10
Do you ever feel like you need a hug?
Most people do at one time or another.
It has some healing properties.
Hugs have been known to comfort hearts and dry tears.
They also give the feeling of protection and can help relieve stress.
In addition, a hug helps build trust in a relationship.
I mean, you can't get much closer.
And, when you are having a bad day or feeling down, a hug can make you feel special and often cheer you up.
Hugging a sick person can even give that person the will to continue living.
So, how many hugs do you need in a day?
Some say everyone needs about eight hugs a day.
So, have you hugged anyone today?


Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: What Americans Call their Grandparents
美國人如何稱呼祖父母
grandpa 是最常用的, 但沒有辦法明確的表示祖父或外祖父,
所以通常會在grandpa後面加上名或姓, 來明確表示哪一個祖父,
另外一個方式就是用外語來說


Language Lab
confused adj. 感到混亂的；感到迷惑的
unable to understand or think clearly what someone is saying or what is happening:
- I am very confused about what my role is on our team.
confuse n. 迷惑
to make someone feel that they cannot think clearly or do not understand
confusing  adj. 讓人感到迷惑的
unclear and difficult to understand:
- The city's street signs are really confusing.

comfort  v. 安慰；慰問
to make someone feel less worried, unhappy, or upset, for example by saying kind things to them or touching them
- Molly gave her son a pacifier to comfort him. 奶嘴
- Listening to classical music always comforts Hank.
comforting adj. 令人感到安慰的
making you feel less worried, unhappy, or upset
- My father's comforting words gave me a lot of strength when I was down.

relieve v. 緩和；減輕
to reduce someone's pain or unpleasant feelings
- Drinking hot black coffee sometimes can relieve my headaches.
relieve v. 解除或免除某人的職務
to replace someone when they have completed their duty or when they need a rest:
- The chairman of the committee was relieved of his position because of his incompetence.

cheer up phrasal verb
cheer somebody ↔ up 替某人加油打氣或使某人開心起來
to become less sad, or to make someone feel less sad:
- I took my daughter to an ice-cream shop to cheer her up because she didn't win the dance contest.
cheer up  開心起來；振作起來
Cheer up! It's not the end of the world!


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What Is Self-Tracking All About? (2)

Where it all began

Monitoring daily activities isn't a new concept. In years past, athletes and their coaches kept notes 

detailing nutrition, training and sleep patterns in order to achieve an athletic goal. Similarly, doctors  have also helped patients to document parts of their lifestyles and eating habits to help fight allergies, headaches and other health issues. However, it wasn't until 2007 that Wired magazine editors Gary Wolf and Kim Kelly, who started tracking every move they made, coined the term "Quantified Self." Wolf says that new tools will change our sense of self with the purpose of making us more effective in the world.

Disadvantages

Although self-tracking has many advantages, Dennis Nash, president of Data Speaks Health Solutions, says self-tracking has its drawbacks. Once people start tracking their daily activities, it can become an addiction. Also, they might begin to worry too much about their health. While self-tracking doesn't guarantee that one's quality of life will improve, it can highlight the importance of eating well and exercising daily. After all, the Quantified Self Movement's primary focus is motivating people to exert enough energy to make healthier choices.

Info Cloud

Teaching Topic: Creating Emphasis with Contrast

emphasize

在日常生活中我們會用不同的語調強調不同的關鍵字,

在寫作時可用粗體字或斜體字來表示要強調語氣,

還有另一種是用contrast 二樣東西的對比

Grammar Gym

while: at the same time

- Sam went to the store while Molly was at work.

while: although 

- While bears generally don't attack people, it's important to keep a safe distance if you see one in the park.

- While it may appear to be a nice sunny day to go out on the lake, please be careful of a sudden change in the weather.

- While self-tracking doesn't guarantee that one's quality of life will improve, it can highlight the importance of eating will and exercising daily. 

Info Cloud

document v.

to write about something, film it, or take photographs of it, in order to record information about it

- The director made the film to document this special child's short but meaningful life.

- The effects of the treatment were carefully documented by the research team.

coin v.

to invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use:

- The phrase "All's well that ends well" was coined by Shakespeare.

- Renowned computer programmer Grace Hopper coined the term "bug" back in the 50s.

addiction n.

a strong desire to do or have something regularly

- Henry's drug addiction ruined his life.

addiction + to + noun  說明哪一種癮

the need to take a harmful drug regularly, without being able to stop

- Rachel is now in rehab to cure her addiction to heroin.

addict n.

someone who is unable to stop taking drugs

- a TV addict

exert v.

to use your power, influence etc in order to make something happen:

- Clark exerted his influence in politics to make sure the bill would pass.

exert oneself

to work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy:

- Exert yourself, and make your dreams come true! 全力以赴, 讓自己的夢想實現!

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What Is Self-Tracking All About? (1)

Collecting personal data could lead to self-improvement

Have you ever monitored something about yourself? Perhaps you've tracked how many kilometers you've run, how many hours you've slept or how many calories you've eaten in a day.

If so, you've taken part in a movement called the "Quantified Self Movement." Individuals gather information about their daily activities in this widespread movement, also called self-tracking. This may sound difficult, but technology is making the process easier.

Perhaps you've wanted to change a bad habit and couldn't. Self-tracking may be your answer. The idea is to take information about your everyday activities and analyze it to help attain a healthier lifestyle.

Recently, tools such as smartphones, journals and apps, along with newly released wearable gadgets, are making self-tracking extremely easy. Today, one can use Fitbit, the Jawbone UP, Google Glass or a smart watch to record personal data including hours slept, stress levels, heart rate and mood.

So why does a person self-track? Someone may be trying to lose weight or improve their sleep patterns. Another person feels tried after eating. Self-tracking could help him to identify what foods make him sleepy and modify his diet accordingly.

Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: The 10 Most Used English Words
英國牛津大學做了一個追踪,
10個英文單子是生活中最常用的英文單字,
而這10個英文字足以用來生活中25%的英文單字,
而日常生活中最當用到的50%的單字也只不過100個

Grammar Gym
the idea: the purpose
- Self-tracking may be your answer. The idea is to take information about your everyday activities and analyze it to help attain a healthier lifestyle.
- The idea of the art gallery is to not only promote local artwork but to also allow artists to have a place to sell their crafts.
- All students are required to find an internship position. The idea is to give students a chance to learn in a real workplace.


Language Lab
quantify v.
to calculate the value of something and express it as a number or an amount:
- It's difficult to quantify one's talent.
- It's impossible to quantify the damages the typhoon caused.
quantity n.
an amount or number of something
- A large quantity of food was stored for winter.

widespread adj.
common over a wide area or among many people
- The premier received widespread support from the public.
- There's widespread discontent among the employees.
discontent adj.
not pleased or satisfied

gadget n.
a small, useful device
- Mom loves to buy kitchen gadgets and experiment with them.
- This electric can opener is our chef's favorite gadget.

modify v.
to change some parts of (something) while not changing other parts
- The proposal was modified to meet the client's needs.
- You need to modify your tone when talking to your elders.
modification n.
the act or process of changing parts of something : the act or process of modifying something
- The existing computer system needs modification.


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FOOD REMEDIES

Find solutions for your problems in certain foods and drinks
We eat to satisfy our hunger and to provide necessary nutrition for our body, but there are other reasons to reach for particular foods. Research shows that there are times when certain foods may provide possible solutions for various problems.

When you can't sleep:
Try a few almonds for a late-night snack. Almonds contain magnesium, an essential nutrient that helps relax the muscles and promote sleep.

When you have bad breath:
Drink a cup of black, green or oolong tea, which contains a compound that stops the growth of the bacteria that causes bad breath.

When you feel irritable:
Reach for a chocolate bar! Chocolate makes most people happy, not only because it tastes good, but also because it increases the production of serotonin, which affects peoples moods.

When you have joint pain:
East strawberries, oranges or other foods loaded with Vitamin C. Eating two oranges daily gives you 120 milligrams of Vitamin C, which may help slow the wear and tear on your joints.

When you don't have much energy:
Drink ample amounts of water. When you don't drink enough water, oxygen and nutrients can't reach your brain in an efficient manner, leaving you tired and less able to concentrate.

The next time you have a problem remember to check your kitchen first for a solution.


Editor's Summary
In today's lesson, we see that besides giving us nutrition, certain foods may help with some problems we may be having.
For example, eat some almonds if you can't sleep.
Or, if you're feeling irritable, have chocolate.
And did you know that if you feel like you're running out of energy, maybe a glass of water is just the thing.
There are various kinds of nutrients in foods that help different conditions.
So, check it out.


Info Cloud
Teaching Topic: Distinguishing Between Can and Can’t
其實很多美國人在說can't的時候, 根本沒有把字尾的 t 講出來,
分辨can & can't 的技巧有以下二點:
1. 美國人說can的時候, 其實是讀成 /kən/ 而不是/kæn/
2. 用重音去分別, 如果是說否定時, 重音都會特別加重 can't /ˈkænt/


Grammar Gym
wear and tear 
the kind of damage that happens to a thing when that thing is being used a lot
- Eating two oranges daily gives you 120 milligrams of Vitamin C, which may help slow the wear and tear on your joints.
- After seeing the wear and tear on his shoes, Scott knew he needed higher quality shoes.
- Mr. and Mrs. Lee got some counseling after they realized there was some emotional wear and tear in their relationship.


Language Lab
nutrition n.
[noncount] : the process of eating the right kind of food so you can grow properly and be healthy
- Plants absorb nutrition from the soil.
- Good nutrition is essential for children's growth.
nutrient n. [count]
a substance that plants, animals, and people need to live and grow
- The soil is rich in all kinds of nutrients.

compound n.
something that is formed by combining two or more parts ; especially technical : a substance created when the atoms of two or more chemical elements join together
- Water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen.
- Nitrogen compounds in the fertilizer help plants grow faster.

irritable adj.
becoming angry or annoyed easily
- Ted gets irritable when he's hungry.
- The passengers became irritable after waiting two hours for the delayed flight.
irritate v.
to make (someone) impatient, angry, or annoyed
- Don't irritate Mandy; she's been really fussy today.

ample adj.
/ˈæmpəl/
having or providing enough or more than enough of what is needed
- There's ample room for another suitcase in the trunk.
- The mall provides ample parking for its customers.
- There's ample time for us to review before the exam.


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